• Recipients are treated as a means to an end.
• Use of people as a means to an end and it's bad.
Immanuel Kant takes the moral position of deontology. "Deontologists believe that morality is about choosing actions that obey laws, rules, or duties. For Kant, in order to be ethical, we must choose to do an action not because we think it will produce good outcomes or because we are moral people, but because it is the right thing to do."
Act Utilitarian Evaluation
• Suppose spam message to 100 million people.
• Bad results greatly outweigh good.Act-utilitarianism is a relatively new term to describe the type of utilitarianism where we look at each individual action and ask ourselves...What should I do in this specific case? This creates enormous problems because there's no way we can predict the future. We can't know if our action will ultimately bring about more goodness.
Rule Utilitarian Evaluation
• Diminishes the usefulness of the email system.
• Just only a tiny number benefit.
Rule utilitarianism is oriented towards positive outcomes (e.g. maximizing happiness). Here a rule is adopted because it tends to best promote utility - much as a "rule" in tennis that says "don't take risky trick shots" is adopted because it tends to win matches.
Social Contract Theory Evaluation
• Spam against the idea of email as a conversation – spammers don’t want replies and disguise themselves (masquerading)
the contractual formula (“an act is wrong just in case it fails to pass the non-reject ability test”), if “wrongness” just means “fails to pass the non-reject ability test,” simply means “an act fails to pass the non-reject ability test just in case it fails to pass the non-reject ability test.” If, however, the Scanlonian formula is taken to give a higher-order account of wrongness, then what the formula means is simply that an act that fails the non-reject ability test is made to have another (lower-order) property of being wrong in some other non-contractual sense.
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